Summoning up all the wildness he possesses in his tiny frame, the little boy with the crenelated mouth is caught in a nanosecond of indecision, just before he winds up and hurls his grenade.
His empty hand, often referred to as a “claw”, forms the shape of another grenade, as successfully as a mime’s. The tension in this hand is astonishing: he grips a shape so solid and particular through empty air that you think of the circumference of an aluminum can, or a back-up grenade. Indeed, there had been a back-up grenade, lost when the boy attempted to blow up the alley next to his building (1).
This young squirt, with his strap falling down, an Arbus signifier for dishevelment and extreme emotion (see the provocative Girl in a Shiny Dress, N.Y.C. of 1967), with his preposterous lack of physical strength, is ripplingly physical, plausibly military, conceivably terrorist. He is ready to fight back; indeed, his stance itself is a challenge to this stranger he met only once, photographer Diane Arbus, to leave him be.
The boy spasms with frustration and impatience as Arbus moves around him, disorienting and trapping him with shot after shot, far more than he anticipated. (We see time unfold in the extant contact sheet.)
One is tempted to see the photographer as a bully, except that the boy sees himself as formidably armed with his plastic grenade and other invisible weapon. The little boy has the look of an old fashioned mad bomber more than a crisply controlled soldier. His defense is imaginary. Arbus did much work with imaginary identities in this era. She photographed extensively a man who believed himself to be Uncle Sam, and the Oklahoma-born claimant to the throne of Byzantium (2).
To implicitly classify a child as a freak, since this was Arbus’s life’s work and the term she used to describe her subjects, is obviously either unkind or at least careless. This is the ethically ambiguous element of her art which so many critics have referred to, which appeared most vividly in her later series on the mentally retarded, who may have been incapable of giving consent to her images and their publication. Likewise, the boy’s parents may have given consent to Arbus’s work with their child, but you can see at a glance that the child’s consent was far from clear.
(There is another irony to the child’s ‘freak’ designation: he grew up to become a born-again Christian insurance salesman. It would be hard to conceive of a more banal American identity, although the man came by it through a winding course (3). Also, in a sociological context, the boy’s position was enviable. The child’s image was, in fact, part of a planned and never executed series on “rich kids”, a subject to which Arbus, daughter of the owner of the successful department store Russeks, could relate. The boy, Colin Wood, was the son of Sydney Wood, the 1931 Wimbledon winner. Indeed, the boy was damaged by the original caption for the picture: “A child of the aristocracy in his rich archaic clothes”. There is an instability built into the photograph’s caption: sometimes it cites a “boy”, other times a “child”. Other times a “grenade” is identified, while occasionally a mere “toy” is cited. )
Early in her career, Arbus made a watershed decision not to pose and arrange her subjects, but rather to contort herself into position in order to get the most un-staged, apparently uninflected shot possible. She would make extraordinary accommodations, earning, for example, lifelong animus from feminist Germaine Greer, after Arbus straddled her on a bed and waited out a certain facial expression (4). Arbus even went nude three times clutching her camera on protracted visits at nudist colonies in order to photograph the occupants. (5)
“His puny rage, and the way it made him pull the trigger on that grenade, made him a perfect cartoon to represent a nation choking on its own bile over Vietnam and greatly diminished in self-image (6).” This is a brilliant interpretation by curator Colin Westerbeck, but one that belongs to the world of reception and not conception, as in 1962, the Vietnam War was only a gleam in JFK’s eye (7).
Traditionally, the mentally handicapped and the mentally ill are not to be discussed or documented in the interests of good taste, outside medical texts. These unfortunates are the obviously invisible, creatures from whom we avert our eyes. Children in distress or on the brink of explosion (or exploitation) are also to be ignored, kept from violating a pretty Hallmark aesthetic, even, often, by their mothers. Visual signifiers of distress are often inadequate to get our attention; it is thus that a child is bequeathed his terrible screech, which would earn him, in 1962, a brusque slap. In fact, one might say that the psychotherapy industry is founded upon such moments of neglect, rebuke or forgottenness.
What is foremost in its exceptionality is the image’s brilliant illustration of one of the most life-affirming concepts of the late French psychoanalytic theorist Jacques Lacan (1901-1981). What Lacan called jouissance, he ascribed to the radiant life force we see in the young of all species, which will propel them through the dangers of youth and over the vast terrain of learning they must navigate. The puppy chases its own tail in circles to discharge energy. Colts romp when walking would suffice. In every respect, this force is dissipated over the course of one’s life. Some of this life-force will continue up to the moment of death, but it is constantly depleted. This is why adulthood is marred by physical creakiness, and restricted curiosity. Here, we have the collection of childhood energy in such abundance that the child doesn’t know what to do with it, a display of confusion and glory.
(1) Hugh Hart, “Post-developments: For the subject of Arbus’ “Child with a toy hand grenade,” life was forever altered at the click of a shutter”, San Francisco Gate (Sunday 19 October 2003).
(2) Patricia Bosworth, Diane Arbus: a biography. 1984. (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005).
(3) Hart.
(4) Bosworth 314-315.
(5) Diane Arbus: An Aperture Monograph. 1972. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
(6) Colin Westerbeck and Joel Meyerowitz, Bystander: A History of Street Photography. (New York: Bullfinch, 1994).
(7) Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. (New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000).
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“physical creakiness, and restricted curiosity”… Yep, that’s me. Great article as always. Can’t wait for the next one!
Of course I loved it, and even though you are writing about a photograph this is a fine example of “deliberate writing” I talked about in your short fiction post. I mean I am made to feel engaged without participating. Like TV. I love TV.
One curious aspect of contemporary art photography is – what I believe to be – a reluctance to challenge the medium, there is still an emphasis on “taking” photographs rather than “making” them. There seems to be a lack of physical “artistic” engagement and consideration for the object itself. Contemporary art photography is static. Artists are using their high-tech Nikon D5503989431038471 Rebel cameras to capture “accurate” images and producing clean, colorful, large scale photographs; There is too much objectivity in supposedly non-objective objects. I guess in some cases such sterility is intended to be apart of the aesthetic, enabling the viewer to focus on the “idea.”
This seems to be (simply) the case with McFarland’s “large colour photographs.” He aims to “return the image as much as possible to its original appearance, seen by the eye.” How foolish, backwards even. This approach embraces the medium’s early mimetic criticism, it’s irony without intrigue. It doesn’t help either that he is wont to make a comparison between the subject matter and the photographic process. Do we really care that his photographs of gardens and the gardens themselves are idiosyncratically linked by there their reliance on basic elements – “light for exposure and energy and liquids for hydration and processing?” I sure as hell don’t. I don’t think Minor White did either, and he was a botanist!
Modernist photographers like Arbus, Friedlander, White et al. were active during the medium’s early reception as a new young art form. They played an essential role in showing the public the medium’s potential beyond the snapshot. They created new ways of seeing that surpassed mere “looking.” They employed “world-reflecting” approaches to making “world-creating” images/series.
I thought Photoshop would free photography from itself, but artists are still insisting that their images are not “photoshopped,” as if mentioning so would add fifty points to the picture’s worth. Good photographs are good photographs despite their origins. If a lot of cropping and contrast adjustment meant that I would not have to look at another mundane, “poetic” portrait of a kook then I’m all about it. But even this horse is dead. Tanyth Berkeley needs more than “interesting” people to make her photographs interesting.
Modernist photographers still dominate contemporary photography, because photography as a form of art has not changed much. We have new technology, but we’re still using it in old ways. I think artists today – just as they did four decades ago – are preoccupied with embracing the medium’s “unique” realness. The modernists dominate still, because nothing has really changed.
The Met’s exhibition, Depth of Field featured some really great work by contemporary artists like Uta Barth and Adam Fuss. I think Cynthia Greig has some interested work as well.
I enjoy your blog.
Superb. Confusion and glory. You’ve drawn out subtleties and ambiguities, rather than the plain as nose on your face subtexts.
Erin, first of all that is one of the most beautiful descriptions of jouissance I’ve read. I love the images you attach to it. And I would say that, in terms of accuracy, it seems like it may depend in part on the context or purpose of the definition (since, as you said, it could 30 pp long), and yours works well with the description you are giving.
In terms of a rigorous accuracy in faithfulness to Lacan, I wouldn’t say that anything is wrong there, but you leave out a crucial part of the concept, and that is death, or the more precisely the death drive. Sorry if I’m being a stickler but I recently did a whole paper on the topic of jouissance, ethics, and the death drive at a psychoanaltyic conference in boston.
But the concept of jouissance illustrates the very complicated and paradoxical relation between life and death for Lacan. You are absolutely right about the overflow of energy that is jouissance, and in fact jouissance is precisely this transgression itself, the very idea of transgression. This is why it is linked with the death drive, since it contradicts the conservative, economic, homeostatic tendencies of life.
You are right about the leaping and bounding, but in fact, the bounding across a field could easily make the colt or cub prey, or expose it other dangers (as does of course curiosity). And in fact, this is not a secondary effect, creatures play precisely BECAUSE there is a drive to transgress, to throw themselves in the way of death for no biological purpose at all.
And this, to my mind, is why it is such an interesting concept, because now death becomes the grounds of life, becomes the ethical aspect of living, but only in this sense of pure transgression, its being-as-overflow. It is necessary for life to contradict itself in order to survive, for pure self-preservation would never leave home, so to speak.
Death and play have a fundamental relationship. For instance, you rightly point out that as we get older we tend to lose our overflow of energy and risk-taking curiosity. But Lacan would say this has nothing to do with a life-force in any biological sense. Just the opposite. It is because as we grow closer to biological death, we repress it’s inevitability more and more and cling to life, to self-preservation. Death loses its aspect of play, and we lose our openness to death and stop living or experiencing the life force of life, which is also the death drive.
To quote from my paper, I say that jouissance is the drive in death drive. And the death drive is not that destructive impulse it is usually taken to be (though it can take that form too). So although jouissance is more fundamentally related to the death drive (it “brings death into play” to quote L.) you are absolutely right that it is a life-affirming concept. And I would add, an ethically affirming concept as well. Transgression or overflow of our own boundaries is a form of self-annulment (death), but also of course another form unity or relation.
Beautiful meditation on that amazing photograph. The concept of jouissance seems more than relevant here. That’s a wonderful visual analysis and the psychoanalytic connection is great. Well done.
Hi,
To whoever wrote this article. You seem to know about this photo and I was just wondering if you could help me locate the spot it was taken in Central Park. I have an eccentric habit of visiting famous photo sights. Along with this and Arbus’s “two teenagers” (I know it’s not the full name) on Hudson street. Please email me if you can.
Sorry, Shane. I haven’t a clue!
I believe the picture was taken across from the Sinai hospital . The child in the photo was not the son of a famous tennis star but the son of a machinist with five kids . It was taken in 1956 and published later.The kid had two different socks . The shoes had broken shoe laces and the pants were bought at a thrift shop. The shirt was a hand me down from the son of a druggist that my father worked for in the evenings . Children with rich parents did not dress kids like this in 1962. The picture was taken while my family was waiting for visiting hours to see my brother . The women who took my photo asked if I was angry after seing my grenade and asked me to make an angry face .There are no other photos of me at the time and I cannot prove it is me . I remember the day because we crossed the GW bridge while I played with grenade and no one ever took my picture before this day. My brother made a full recovery
Hi Brian. Well, your story is very interesting, but the boy in the photo has been long since definitively identified as the son of the tennis player. Perhaps you had a very similar experience with another photographer.
Thank you for your reply. I would like to add that Colin Wood does not remember that day or having his photo taken. I was only his class 14-year-old mates that identified him. I would also say that when Diane Arbus takes your picture you will remember. I did not know anything about this photo until I was at least sixty. I was stunned to see it. If I could prove it, it would not put one dime in my pocket. Just the fact that I know who she was is worth more than money. You can believe a misconstrued identity or me. I also wonder what much else in history ain’t spot on. I would also mention children were not allowed beyond the lobby at the hospital and my knees are dirty from crawling around while waiting. I also had a backup grenade that was made of plastic but would use caps. I left it in the car and that what you see me imagining in my other hand.
“Giving a camera to Diane Arbus is like giving a hand grenade to a baby,” Norman Mailer said after seeing how she had captured him, leaning back in a velvet armchair with his legs splayed cockily.
Arthur Lubon, “Arbus Reconsidered.” New York Times. 14 September 2003.